Thiazolidinediones (TZDs), also known as glitazones, are a class of oral medications used primarily in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. They work by improving insulin sensitivity in target tissues, primarily adipose (fat) tissue, skeletal muscle, and the liver.

Unit 8,

Reference: Oxford Concise Medical Dictionary (9th ed) Oxford University Press 2015 ISBN-13: 9780199687817, p2469

Time in range (TIR) is an intuitive metric that denotes the amount of time in percentage that a person's glucose level remains within the proposed target range (3.9–10.0 mmol/L (3.5–7.8 mmol/L in pregnancy) or 70–180 mg/dL (63–140 mg/dL in pregnancy). The concept of TIR has emerged from the efforts of diabetes experts to discover a reliable parameter, “beyond HbA1c” to assess glycaemic control. According to the International consensus on time in range, TIR should be considered as the key CGM-derived metric defining short-time glycaemic control, since it delivers more actionable data than HbA1c alone. The panel also established specific target ranges identifying different diabetes populations such as pregnancy and high-risk groups. It was estimated that a type 1 or type 2 individual should spend more than 70% (16 h, 48 min) of a day in the target range while more than 50% (>12 h) is applicable for older and high-risk type 2 patients. An effective treatment should always target to increase TIR while reducing Time below range (TBR).

Unit 4,

Reference: Saboo B, Kesavadev J, Shankar A, et al. Time-in-range as a target in type 2 diabetes: An urgent need. Heliyon. 2021;7(1):e05967. Published 2021 Jan 15. 

Tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA, TPA) a natural protein, found in the body and able to be manufactured by genetic engineering, that can break up a thrombus. It requires the presence of fibrin as a cofactor and is able to activate plasminogen on the fibrin surface, which distinguishes it from the other plasminogen activators, streptokinase and urokinase. tPAs include reteplase and tenectplase, given to treat acute myocardial infarction, and alteplase.

Unit 6,

Reference: Oxford Concise Colour Medical Dictionary (7th Edition, Kindle Edition) Oxford University Press 2020 ISBN-13: 978-0198836629, p2484

Triglycerides are a type of fat (lipid) found in the blood. They are the most common type of fat in the body and are used as a source of energy. A triglyceride molecule is composed of three fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule. These fatty acids can vary in their composition, and their arrangement contributes to the different types of fats found in the body.

Unit 2,

Reference: Oxford Concise Colour Medical Dictionary (7th Edition, Kindle Edition) Oxford University Press 2020 ISBN-13: 978-0198836629, p460