Neonatal diabetes mellitus (NDM), also known as congenital diabetes or diabetes of infancy, is a rare form of diabetes that presents in the first six months of life. Unlike more common forms of diabetes, which are typically polygenic or related to environmental factors, NDM is often associated with monogenic defects. Monogenic diabetes is caused by mutations in a single gene and accounts for a small percentage of diabetes cases.

Unit 1,

Reference: Lemelman MB, Letourneau L, Greeley SAW. Neonatal Diabetes Mellitus: An Update on Diagnosis and Management. Clin Perinatol. 2018;45(1):41-59.

Neuroglycopenic refers to the symptoms and effects associated with a shortage of glucose (hypoglycaemia) in the brain. Glucose is the primary energy source for the brain, and when blood glucose levels drop significantly, the brain may not receive enough fuel to function properly. Neuroglycopenic symptoms are particularly relevant in the context of conditions such as diabetes, where episodes of low blood sugar (hypoglycaemia) can occur.

Unit 7,

Reference: Patti ME, Li P, Goldfine AB. Insulin response to oral stimuli and glucose effectiveness increased in neuroglycopenia following gastric bypass. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2015;23(4):798-807.

Normoglycaemia (euglycaemia), the state of having normal blood glucose levels, which - depending on when food was last eaten - are generally between 4 and 7 mmol/L.

Unit 4,

Reference: Oxford Concise Colour Medical Dictionary (7th Edition, Kindle Edition) Oxford University Press 2020 ISBN-13: 978-0198836629, p1979