Macroangiopathy refers to the large vessel disease that occurs in the context of various medical conditions, particularly in the context of diabetes mellitus. It is one of the vascular complications associated with diabetes and involves damage to the large arteries. The prefix "macro-" indicates that these are larger blood vessels, as opposed to microangiopathy, which involves small blood vessels.

Unit 7,

Reference: Wang S, Deng Z, Zhang H, et al. The effect of haptoglobin genotype on the association of asymmetric dimethylarginine and DDAH 1 polymorphism with diabetic macroangiopathy. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2022;21(1):265. Published 2022 Dec 2.

MODY is a monogenic disorder that results in a familial, young-onset non-insulin dependent form of diabetes, typically presenting in lean young adults before 25 years. Approximately 1% of diabetes has a monogenic cause but this is frequently misdiagnosed as type 1 or type 2 diabetes.

Maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY, monogenic diabetes), a range of rare but important forms of type 2 diabetes mellitus caused by a single autosomal dominant genetic defect. The two commonest forms are mutations of the HNF-1a gene (MODY 3), which often responds to treatment with "sulphonylurea drugs, and mutations of the glucokinase gene (MODY 2), causing a mild elevation of blood glucose levels usually responsive to dietary management.

Unit 1, 

Reference: McDonald TJ, Ellard S. Maturity onset diabetes of the young: identification and diagnosis. Ann Clin Biochem. 2013;50(Pt 5):403-415.

Reference: Oxford Concise Colour Medical Dictionary (7th Edition, Kindle Edition) Oxford University Press 2020 ISBN-13: 978-0198836629, p1835

A cluster of conditions that occur together, increasing the risk of heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes. It's different from metabolic disorders which are rare genetic conditions.

Unit 5, 

Reference: Oxford Concise Medical Dictionary (9th ed) Oxford University Press 2015 ISBN-13: 9780199687817, p1868

Metformin, a biguanide drug that is used to treat type 2 diabetes. It may cause loss of appetite and minor digestive upsets; it should not be used in patients with kidney disease, in whom it may cause lactic acidosis. 

Reference: Oxford Concise Colour Medical Dictionary (7th Edition, Kindle Edition) Oxford University Press 2020 ISBN-13: 978-0198836629, p1871

Relating to or controlled by a single gene.

Unit 1, Rare types 

Reference: Oxford Concise Colour Medical Dictionary (7th Edition, Kindle Edition) Oxford University Press 2020 ISBN-13: 978-0198836629, p284

Monogenic diabetes syndromes, also known as maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) and neonatal diabetes mellitus, are rare forms of diabetes that result from mutations in a single gene. Unlike type 1 and type 2 diabetes, which are multifactorial and influenced by multiple genetic and environmental factors, monogenic diabetes syndromes are caused by a specific genetic mutation inherited from one or both parents.

Reference: Oxford Concise Medical Dictionary (9th ed) Oxford University Press 2015 ISBN-13: 9780199687817, p1837