The principal cell type in the liver. It has many functions, including protein synthesis and storage, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, bile production, and detoxification.

Reference: Oxford Concise Colour Medical Dictionary (7th Edition, Kindle Edition) Oxford University Press 2020 ISBN-13: 978-0198836629, p1608

High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is a type of lipoprotein, a complex molecule composed of lipids (fats) and proteins, that plays a crucial role in the transport of cholesterol in the bloodstream. HDL is often referred to as "good cholesterol" because of its beneficial effects on cardiovascular health.

Unit 2,

Reference: Oxford Concise Colour Medical Dictionary (7th Edition, Kindle Edition) Oxford University Press 2020 ISBN-13: 978-0198836629, p1617

Hormones are regulatory molecules produced by specialised cells or glands in the endocrine system. They act as messengers in the body, transmitting signals to various target tissues or organs to control and coordinate a wide range of physiological processes. Hormones play a crucial role in regulating growth, metabolism, mood, reproduction, and other essential functions.

Unit 1,

Reference: Ortiz-Martínez M, González-González M, Martagón AJ, et al. Recent Developments in Biomarkers for Diagnosis and Screening of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Curr Diab Rep. 2022;22(3):95-115.

Refers to a condition characterised by an excess of glucose in the bloodstream. It may occur in a variety of diseases, most notably in diabetes mellitus due to insufficient insulin in the blood and excessive intake of carbohydrates.

The term "hyperglycaemia" is derived from the Greek hyper (high) + glykys (sweet/sugar) + haima (blood). Hyperglycaemia (high blood sugar) is where the level of sugar in your blood is too high. Hyperglycaemia is blood glucose greater than 125 mg/dL while fasting and greater than 180 mg/dL 2 hours postprandial. A patient has impaired glucose tolerance, or pre-diabetes, with a fasting plasma glucose of 100 mg/dL to 125 mg/dL.

When hyperglycaemia is left untreated, it can lead to many serious life-threatening complications that include damage to the eye, kidneys, nerves, heart, and peripheral vascular system. Thus, it is vital to manage hyperglycaemia effectively and efficiently to prevent complications of the disease and improve patient outcomes.

Unit 1,

Reference: Oxford Concise Colour Medical Dictionary (7th Edition, Kindle Edition) Oxford University Press 2020 ISBN-13: 978-0198836629, p1649 

Reference: Mouri M, Badireddy M. Hyperglycaemia. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; April 24, 2023.

Hyperinsulinaemia is defined as an abnormally large amount of insulin in the blood.

Reference: Collins English Dictionary (14th edn). Collins. 2023 

Hyperosmolarity refers to a condition in which the concentration of solutes (such as salts and sugars) in the blood or other body fluids is higher than normal. Osmolarity is a measure of the osmotic concentration of a solution, indicating the number of particles (osmoles) per unit of solvent.

Unit 7,

Reference: Oxford Concise Medical Dictionary (9th ed) Oxford University Press 2015 ISBN-13: 9780199687817, p1652

Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is a common medical condition where the force of the blood against the walls of the arteries is consistently too high. Blood pressure is measured in millimetres of mercury (mmHg) and is expressed with two numbers: systolic pressure over diastolic pressure. The systolic pressure represents the force when the heart contracts, and the diastolic pressure is the force when the heart is at rest between beats.

Unit 5,

Reference: Oxford Concise Medical Dictionary (9th ed) Oxford University Press 2015 ISBN-13: 9780199687817, p1653

A deficiency of glucose in the bloodstream, causing muscular weakness and incoordination, mental confusion, and sweating. Most commonly occurs in diabetes mellitus, as a result of insulin overdosage and insufficient intake of carbohydrates. It is treated by administration of glucose: by injection if the patient is in a coma, by mouth otherwise.

Unit 1,

Reference: Oxford Concise Colour Medical Dictionary (7th Edition, Kindle Edition) Oxford University Press 2020 ISBN-13: 978-0198836629, p1659

Hypotension n. a condition in which the arterial blood pressure is abnormally low, which is most commonly experienced when rising from a sitting or lying position (postural or orthostatic hypotension). Severe cases may manifest as shock.

Reference: Oxford Concise Colour Medical Dictionary (7th Edition, Kindle Edition) Oxford University Press 2020 ISBN-13: 978-0198836629, p1661

Hypoxia is a condition characterised by a reduced level of oxygen in body tissues or organs. It can result from inadequate oxygen supply, impaired oxygen utilization, or a combination of both. Oxygen is essential for the normal functioning of cells and tissues, and hypoxia can have various effects on the body depending on its severity and duration.

Unit 7,

Reference: Oxford Concise Medical Dictionary (9th ed) Oxford University Press 2015 ISBN-13: 9780199687817, p771